- Code Refactoring In C
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Refactoring is an effective way to quickly uncover problematic code and fix it. In this first book to provide a hands-on approach to refactoring in C# and ASP.NET, you'll discover to apply refactoring techniques to manage and modify your code. Tools for C code refactoring [closed] Ask Question 7. What tools are there that supports refactoring C code (renaming variables, extracting methods, finding method references.) Preferably for a Linux environment, but Windows tools are ok too. If there's something available for emacs, even better! Professional Refactoring in C# & ASP.NET [Danijel Arsenovski] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Refactoring is an effective way to quickly uncover problematic code and fix it.
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I am about to starting to work on a project which involves refactoring and modifying existing code which is in c & c++. The code is a bloated one and is in huge volume. Of course since the code needs to be modified, an understanding of the code has to be developed and in a very short span of time since we have some pretty time pressed project schedule. Can anyone please suggest any open source tools which will help in achieving the above. In short what I am looking for is tool which can:
- Reverse engineering tools which will help understand the design.
- Sequence generator tools which will help draw sequences at run time(Most probably we will be able to run the code, but not in the initial stages at least) or through code examination.
- Good code browsing tools to study the existing code base.
- Suitable tool which can auto refactor code with minimal efforts.
Please do tell me about any experiences,preferences or favorites worth looking out for.
[EDIT] Came up with a list of tools to help in above. Here's the list:
- Graphviz & doxygen
Generate UML class diagrams from existing code base - UMLStudio
Creating an object model for your OO legacy code is the best approach to analysing, understanding and maintaining it. UMLStudio can automatically convert C++, Java, CORBA IDL, PHP 5, and Ada 95 code into OOA&D notation faster than any other CASE tool. - CodeDrawer for C++
The CodeDrawer converts source code to visual based diagrams. Class, struct, and any elements of source code can be shown diagrams. It also shows the logics of a function and a method. The CodeDrawer helps understand source code of your project - Imagix
Reverse engineering and visualization of source code lead to improved program comprehension. Speeds: Learning Unfamiliar Code Change Impact Analysis Integrating Open Source Code Code Reuse Software Maintenance - AgileJAgileJ StructureViews is a plug-in for the Eclipse Java IDE which generates highly customisable UML class diagrams on an industrial scale, ideal for agile development or exploration of any existing Java codebase.
- MaintainJIf you can run the code base then MaintainJ generates UML sequence and class diagrams at runtime when you run a particular use case.
- Java Reverse Engineering ToolGenerates class diagrams and relations between classes from Java source code.
- Source InsightGreat source browsing software
One more, Thanks to Steve Townsend
Klocwork
albertKlocwork
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6 Answers
The code is a bloated one and is in huge volume. Ofcourse since the code needs to be modified an understanding of the code has to be developed and in a very short span of time since we have some pretty time pressed project schedule.
Then you have a management problem : if you already know you have little time to UNDERSTAND a lot of code, you're doomed. To understand this code, you'll have to make it run and go through it and it will take time. Tools will just give you a big map of things but will not show you the real path.
Suitable tool which can auto refactor code with minimal efforts.
You're living in wonderland.
There are tools that gives you the structural architecture of you application, but that will not really help without going through each module one by one and read the code. First the code that use the modules, then the code inside the modules.
The fact that it's C and C++ makes it even harder to define the time that it will take you as it's also relative to the knowledge you have of those languages and the level of knowledge of the people who wrote the app.
KlaimKlaim42.2k3030 gold badges113113 silver badges181181 bronze badges
The first question you should ask is 'how do I make sure any changes we make do not break the system?'. Yet your question does not mention tests at all. That's a red flag to me.
I agree with others that tools are not the solution (not likely to turn up in the form you want, not likely to be 100% trustworthy on their own).
Your goal should be to quickly identify the area(s) to be changed - I would do this via inspection and running the code (preferably in existing tests - do you have them?), and make sure you have comprehensive unit and system test coverage on them before you touch a single line. Without that base, you are going to be flying blind and deadlines are way more at risk.
At the very least, if you don't have good tests, communicate this concern to your line upfront so that if things go pear-shaped you are seen to have raised the issue.
You could look at something like this - not used myself though: Klokwork Architect
Steve TownsendSteve Townsend47.5k77 gold badges7979 silver badges131131 bronze badges
There are very few tools that can parse and transform C and C++ code. As a first step, parsing of these languages is considered hard all by itself. Another key problem is the preprocessor, which is used pretty abusively (e.g., not in a structured way) in C programs and makes it difficult for a parser to see the program structure, and consequently difficult for an analyzer (needed to decide when refactorings are legal) to do its analysis correctly.
Modulo these glitches, our DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit can be configured to carry out refactorings on C and C++ code. DMS has industrial strength parsers for C and C++ and uniquely can capture most preprocessor uses as part of the internal code structures (typically people trying to parse C/C++ expand the preprocessor directives away, and that isn't an option for refactoring).
We've used it to carry out massive code reorganizations on C++ code (where preprocessor abuse is minimal because C++ has a variety of other ways to configure code). We also done some automated reengineering of C systems, but with somewhat more effort to handle the abusive preprocessor uses.
What it is not is interactive. You have to plan the refactoring transformations and specify them with a pattern matching language. But it is reliable.
Ira BaxterIra Baxter82.4k1111 gold badges137137 silver badges281281 bronze badges
I just thought I'd add a note that CTAGS/ECTAGS is very useful when studying/refactoring an unknown codebase, especially when using a tool like Emacs/CEDET.
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- If you have the source, technically it's not reverse engineering. You can use the very good Doxygen to generate documentation (including diagrams - install GraphViz too!) : link
- No idea, not sure it exists.
- Your web browser, along with Doxygen, if you enable source code browsing. Visual Studio, with right click for jumping to definitions, and the debugger to step through the code and gain an understanding of its working (use and abuse the Step Out command).
- There are tools to do refactoring, but minimal effort and 'auto refactor' are very very hard to achieve, I don't think you find tools for that.
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jv42jv427,96533 gold badges3434 silver badges5959 bronze badges
5 agilej (http://www.agilej.com/) AgileJ StructureViews is a plug-in for the Eclipse Java IDE which generates highly customisable UML class diagrams on an industrial scale, ideal for agile development or exploration of any existing Java codebase.
AgileJ applies to your points 1 (reverse engineering to help understand the design) and 3 (Good code browsing tools to study the existing code base). Bloated code that has been rapidly slapped together generally shows up as things like:
- One or two large classes which act as the dumping ground for each bit of last minute functionality (the blob anti pattern)
- Cut and paste code where a whole class has been copied and tweaked for a new purpose rather than factoring out the common parts to a base class first
- Lack of OO as evidenced by many classes with only get and set methods
- Dependencies are matted, everything depends on everything else throughout the project and there is no layering within the architecture
There are plenty more traits which can be added to this list but the above are made more obvious on a class diagram.
AgileJAgileJ
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Code refactoring is the process of restructuring existing computer code—changing the factoring—without changing its external behavior. Refactoring is intended to improve nonfunctional attributes of the software. Advantages include improved code readability and reduced complexity; these can improve source-codemaintainability and create a more expressive internal architecture or object model to improve extensibility.
Typically, refactoring applies a series of standardised basic micro-refactorings, each of which is (usually) a tiny change in a computer program's source code that either preserves the behaviour of the software, or at least does not modify its conformance to functional requirements. Many development environments provide automated support for performing the mechanical aspects of these basic refactorings. If done well, code refactoring may help software developers discover and fix hidden or dormant bugs or vulnerabilities in the system by simplifying the underlying logic and eliminating unnecessary levels of complexity. If done poorly it may fail the requirement that external functionality not be changed, introduce new bugs, or both.
By continuously improving the design of code, we make it easier and easier to work with. This is in sharp contrast to what typically happens: little refactoring and a great deal of attention paid to expediently adding new features. If you get into the hygienic habit of refactoring continuously, you'll find that it is easier to extend and maintain code.
Motivation[edit]
Refactoring is usually motivated by noticing a code smell.[2] For example, the method at hand may be very long, or it may be a near duplicate of another nearby method. Once recognized, such problems can be addressed by refactoring the source code, or transforming it into a new form that behaves the same as before but that no longer 'smells'.
Code Refactoring In C
For a long routine, one or more smaller subroutines can be extracted; or for duplicate routines, the duplication can be removed and replaced with one shared function. Failure to perform refactoring can result in accumulating technical debt; on the other hand, refactoring is one of the primary means of repaying technical debt.[3]
Benefits[edit]
There are two general categories of benefits to the activity of refactoring.
- Maintainability. It is easier to fix bugs because the source code is easy to read and the intent of its author is easy to grasp.[4] This might be achieved by reducing large monolithic routines into a set of individually concise, well-named, single-purpose methods. It might be achieved by moving a method to a more appropriate class, or by removing misleading comments.
- Extensibility. It is easier to extend the capabilities of the application if it uses recognizable design patterns, and it provides some flexibility where none before may have existed.[1]
Testing[edit]
Automatic unit tests should be set up before refactoring to ensure routines still behave as expected.[5] Unit tests can bring stability to even large refactors when performed with a single atomic commit. A common strategy to allow safe and atomic refactors spanning multiple projects is to store all projects in a single repository, known as monorepo.[6]
With unit testing in place, refactoring is then an iterative cycle of making a small program transformation, testing it to ensure correctness, and making another small transformation. If at any point a test fails, the last small change is undone and repeated in a different way. Through many small steps the program moves from where it was to where you want it to be. For this very iterative process to be practical, the tests must run very quickly, or the programmer would have to spend a large fraction of their time waiting for the tests to finish. Proponents of extreme programming and other agile software development describe this activity as an integral part of the software development cycle.
Techniques[edit]
Here are some examples of micro-refactorings; some of these may only apply to certain languages or language types. A longer list can be found in Martin Fowler's refactoring book[2][page needed] and website.[7] Many development environments provide automated support for these micro-refactorings. For instance, a programmer could click on the name of a variable and then select the 'Encapsulate field' refactoring from a context menu. The IDE would then prompt for additional details, typically with sensible defaults and a preview of the code changes. After confirmation by the programmer it would carry out the required changes throughout the code.
- Techniques that allow for more abstraction
- Encapsulate field – force code to access the field with getter and setter methods
- Generalize type – create more general types to allow for more code sharing
- Replace type-checking code with state/strategy[8]
- Replace conditional with polymorphism[9]
- Techniques for breaking code apart into more logical pieces
- Componentization breaks code down into reusable semantic units that present clear, well-defined, simple-to-use interfaces.
- Extract class moves part of the code from an existing class into a new class.
- Extract method, to turn part of a larger method into a new method. By breaking down code in smaller pieces, it is more easily understandable. This is also applicable to functions.
- Techniques for improving names and location of code
- Move method or move field – move to a more appropriate class or source file
- Rename method or rename field – changing the name into a new one that better reveals its purpose
- Pull up – in object-oriented programming (OOP), move to a superclass
- Push down – in OOP, move to a subclass[7]
- Automatic clone detection[10]
Hardware refactoring[edit]
While the term refactoring originally referred exclusively to refactoring of software code, in recent years code written in hardware description languages (HDLs) has also been refactored. The term hardware refactoring is used as a shorthand term for refactoring of code in hardware description languages. Since HDLs are not considered to be programming languages by most hardware engineers,[11] hardware refactoring is to be considered a separate field from traditional code refactoring.
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Automated refactoring of analog hardware descriptions (in VHDL-AMS) has been proposed by Zeng and Huss.[12] In their approach, refactoring preserves the simulated behavior of a hardware design. The non-functional measurement that improves is that refactored code can be processed by standard synthesis tools, while the original code cannot.Refactoring of digital HDLs, albeit manual refactoring, has also been investigated by Synopsysfellow Mike Keating.[13][14] His target is to make complex systems easier to understand, which increases the designers' productivity.
History[edit]
Although refactoring code has been done informally for decades, William Griswold's 1991 Ph.D. dissertation[15] is one of the first major academic works on refactoring functional and procedural programs, followed by William Opdyke's 1992 dissertation[16] on the refactoring of object-oriented programs,[17] although all the theory and machinery have long been available as program transformation systems. All of these resources provide a catalog of common methods for refactoring; a refactoring method has a description of how to apply the method and indicators for when you should (or should not) apply the method.
Martin Fowler's book Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code[2] is the canonical reference.[according to whom?]
The first known use of the term 'refactoring' in the published literature was in a September, 1990 article by William Opdyke and Ralph Johnson.[18]Griswold's Ph.D. thesis,[15]Opdyke's Ph.D. thesis,[16] published in 1992, also used this term.[17]
The term 'factoring' has been used in the Forth community since at least the early 1980s. Chapter Six of Leo Brodie's book Thinking Forth (1984) is dedicated to the subject.
In extreme programming, the Extract Method refactoring technique has essentially the same meaning as factoring in Forth; to break down a 'word' (or function) into smaller, more easily maintained functions.
Refactorings can also be reconstructed[19] posthoc to produce concise descriptions of complex software changes recorded in software repositories like CVS or SVN.
Automated code refactoring[edit]
Many software editors and IDEs have automated refactoring support. It is possible to refactor application code as well as test code.[20] Here is a list of a few of these editors, or so-called refactoring browsers.
- DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit (Implements large-scale refactoring for C, C++, C#, COBOL, Java, PHP and other languages)
- Eclipse based:
- Eclipse (for Java, and to a lesser extent, C++, PHP, Ruby and JavaScript)
- PyDev (for Python)
- Photran (a Fortran plugin for the Eclipse IDE)
- IntelliJ based:
- AppCode (for Objective-C, C and C++)
- IntelliJ IDEA (for Java)
- PyCharm (for Python)
- WebStorm (for JavaScript)
- Android Studio (for Java)
- JDeveloper (for Java)
- NetBeans (for Java)
- Smalltalk: Most dialects include powerful refactoring tools. Many use the original refactoring browser produced in the early '90s by Ralph Johnson.
- Visual Studio based:
- Visual Studio (for .NET and C++)
- CodeRush (addon for Visual Studio)
- Visual Assist (addon for Visual Studio with refactoring support for C# and C++)
- Wing IDE (for Python)
- Xcode (for C, Objective-C, and Swift)[21]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abKerievsky, Joshua (2004). Refactoring to Patterns. Addison Wesley.
- ^ abcFowler, Martin (1999). Refactoring. Improving the Design of Existing Code. Addison-Wesley. pp. 63ff. ISBN978-0-201-48567-7.
- ^Suryanarayana, Girish (November 2014). Refactoring for Software Design Smells. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 258. ISBN978-0128013977.
- ^Martin, Robert (2009). Clean Code. Prentice Hall.
- ^1963-, Fowler, Martin (1999). Refactoring : improving the design of existing code. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0201485677. OCLC41017370.
- ^Smart, John Ferguson (2008). Java Power Tools. 'O'Reilly Media, Inc.'. p. 301. ISBN9781491954546. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ ab(these are only about OOP however).Refactoring techniques in Fowler's refactoring Website
- ^Replace type-checking code with State/Strategy
- ^Replace conditional with polymorphism
- ^Bruntink, Magiel, et al. 'An evaluation of clone detection techniques for crosscutting concerns.' Software Maintenance, 2004. Proceedings. 20th IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2004.
- ^Hardware description languages#HDL and programming languages
- ^Kaiping Zeng, Sorin A. Huss, 'Architecture refinements by code refactoring of behavioral VHDL-AMS models'. ISCAS 2006
- ^M. Keating :'Complexity, Abstraction, and the Challenges of Designing Complex Systems', in DAC'08 tutorial [1]'Bridging a Verification Gap: C++ to RTL for Practical Design'
- ^M. Keating, P. Bricaud: Reuse Methodology Manual for System-on-a-Chip Designs, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
- ^ abGriswold, William G (July 1991). Program Restructuring as an Aid to Software Maintenance(PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Washington. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
- ^ abOpdyke, William F (June 1992). Refactoring Object-Oriented Frameworks(compressed Postscript) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 2008-02-12.[permanent dead link]
- ^ abMartin Fowler, 'MF Bliki: EtymologyOfRefactoring'
- ^Opdyke, William F.; Johnson, Ralph E. (September 1990). 'Refactoring: An Aid in Designing Application Frameworks and Evolving Object-Oriented Systems'. Proceedings of the Symposium on Object Oriented Programming Emphasizing Practical Applications (SOOPPA). ACM.
- ^Weißgerber, Peter; Diehl, S. (2006). 'Identifying Refactorings from Source-Code Changes'(PDF). Proceedings of 21st IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2006). ACM.
- ^Xuan, Jifeng; Cornu, Benoit; Martinez, Matias; Baudry, Benoit; Seinturier, Lionel; Monperrus, Martin (2016). 'B-Refactoring: Automatic test code refactoring to improve dynamic analysis'. Information and Software Technology. 76: 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2016.04.016.
- ^What's new in Xcode 9
Further reading[edit]
- Wake, William C. (2003). Refactoring Workbook. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0-321-10929-3.
- Mens, T.; Tourwe, T. (n.d.). 'A survey of software refactoring'. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 30 (2): 126–139. doi:10.1109/tse.2004.1265817. ISSN0098-5589.
- Feathers, Michael C (2004). Working Effectively with Legacy Code. Prentice Hall. ISBN978-0-13-117705-5.
- Kerievsky, Joshua (2004). Refactoring To Patterns. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0-321-21335-8.
- Arsenovski, Danijel (2008). Professional Refactoring in Visual Basic. Wrox. ISBN978-0-470-17979-6.
- Arsenovski, Danijel (2009). Professional Refactoring in C# and ASP.NET. Wrox. ISBN978-0-470-43452-9.
- Ritchie, Peter (2010). Refactoring with Visual Studio 2010. Packt. ISBN978-1-84968-010-3.
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External links[edit]
Download Professional Refactoring In Chrome
- What Is Refactoring? (c2.com article)
- Refactoring at Curlie
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